ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری اجتماعی شهر در برابر زلزله مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر کرمانشاه

Abstract

Introduction
Cities are complex and interdependent systems that are vulnerable to threats caused by natural and human disasters (Zarghami et al., 2016: 78). At the beginning of the 21st century, the world witnessed great natural and unnatural disasters (Sheikh Darani, 2017: 10). Geographically, Iran is one of the ten most prone and vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world (Mohammadifar et al., 2020: 178) and it is the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. It is the cause of the most human casualties and the seismic belt covers 90% of our country's soil (Negaresh, 2014: 93). Natural disasters in the world have always been considered as a big challenge in the way of sustainable development, and as a result, ways to achieve this development through models of vulnerability reduction have become necessary. Therefore, reducing the risk of accidents is of particular importance (Rezaei, 2009: 4). With the passage of time, in many countries of the world, the approach of resilience in the planning hierarchy of crisis management, including the regional scale, has received more attention (Brenner, 2004: 173). However, the reduction of vulnerability and risk is often neglected until after an accident ‌-)Ainuddin & Routray, 2012: 27). Creating a resilient city against natural disasters is done in three stages, before the disaster, response to the disaster during the disaster and after the disaster (Karlinsky& Sarah, 2010: 6(, therefore, analysis and reduction of exposure. Being exposed to natural hazards today has become an important and widespread goal in crisis planning and management (Bazdar et al., 2019: 198) The city of Kermanshah is located between the high and folded Zagros and is surrounded by the northern and southern faults (Negaresh, 2014: 99). If the growth and development of cities takes place without any planning and there is no plan to reduce vulnerability and increase people's abilities to face the risks caused by natural disasters, many cities will be exposed to serious damage from These disasters will be placed. Therefore, it is necessary to plan in order to increase urban resilience (Kalantari et al., 2021: 230). The main goal of this research is to evaluate the social resilience components of the city against earthquakes in Kermanshah metropolis and provide effective solutions in this field. The ranking status of the regions of Kermanshah according to four indicators; What is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital?

Methodology
The present research method is of applied type and in terms of descriptive-survey method. The statistical population is the citizens of Kermanshah city, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. To collect information from a questionnaire containing questions about social resilience indicators; It includes four indicators, awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital (questionnaire used by Dr. Rezaei 2010) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.79, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. In this research, Mabak model was used to analyze the data and ArcGIS software was used to display the output results as a map.

Conclusion
With the passage of time, in many countries of the world, the approach of resilience in the hierarchy of crisis management planning, including the regional scale, has received more attention. The city of Kermanshah due to being located on the path of faults, needs attention in the discussion about resilience. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the components of social resilience of the city against earthquakes in Kermanshah metropolis, and according to the goal, to answer the question of ranking the regions of Kermanshah city according to four indicators; It is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital. The current research is of applied type and in terms of descriptive-survey method. The Mabak model was used to analyze the data. In response to the question; The ranking status of the regions of Kermanshah according to four indicators; What is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital? The results of the Mabak model in the awareness and knowledge index show that region seven ranks first, region five ranks second, region one ranks third, region eight ranks fourth, region six ranks fifth, region four ranks sixth, region Three are in the seventh place and region two is in the eighth place. In the skill index, it shows that region eight ranks first, region seven ranks second, region one ranks third, regions two and six rank fourth, region three ranks fifth, region five ranks sixth, region four ranks They are ranked seventh. In the attitude index, it shows that the fourth region ranks first, the eighth region ranks second, the seventh region ranks third, region six ranks fourth, region three ranks fifth, region one ranks sixth, region five ranks seventh and Region two is ranked eighth. In the social capital index, it shows that region three ranks first, region six ranks second, region seven ranks third, region two ranks fourth, regions four and eight rank fifth, region five ranks sixth, and region one ranks They are ranked seventh. generally; Natural disasters in the world have always been considered as a big challenge in the way of sustainable development, and as a result, ways to achieve this development through models of vulnerability reduction have become necessary. Therefore, reducing the risk of accidents is of particular importance. If this growth and development of cities takes place without any planning and there is no plan to reduce vulnerability and increase people's abilities to face the risks caused by natural disasters, according to the results of the research, the following solutions It is suggested:
- Encouraging residents to participate in earthquake awareness training courses
- Implementation of earthquake crisis management plans at the neighborhood level
- Creation of neighborhood aid groups
- Teaching reactions and how to behave properly during an earthquake
- Teaching safety methods against earthquakes
- Encouraging residents to participate in neighborhood affairs
- Increasing people's knowledge about earthquake risk
- Creating a sense of trust among citizens
- Creating a suitable environment for more interaction of citizens
- Holding crisis management course classes.

Keyw‌ords
Social resilience; Earthquake; Resilience; Metropolis of Kermanshah